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Similar syntax in both computer languages

This is a listing of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the cavalcade "Included in C", states whether an operator is also present in C. Note that C does non support operator overloading.

When non overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), there is a sequence bespeak after the evaluation of the showtime operand.

C++ likewise contains the type conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators ways that their precedence level is unimportant.

Virtually of the operators bachelor in C and C++ are also available in other C-family languages such as C#, D, Coffee, Perl, and PHP with the aforementioned precedence, associativity, and semantics.

Tabular array [edit]

For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c represent valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate. R, South and T correspond any type(s), and G for a class type or enumerated blazon.

Arithmetics operators [edit]

All arithmetics operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name		Syntax	C++ epitome examples
Operator name		Syntax	As member of Grand	Outside grade definitions
Add-on		`a + b`	`R K :: operator + ( S b );`	`R operator + ( K a , S b );`
Subtraction		`a - b`	`R K :: operator - ( S b );`	`R operator - ( K a , Due south b );`
Unary plus (integer promotion)		`+a`	`R K :: operator + ();`	`R operator + ( G a );`
Unary minus (condiment inverse)		`-a`	`R K :: operator - ();`	`R operator - ( K a );`
Multiplication		`a * b`	`R K :: operator * ( South b );`	`R operator * ( Thousand a , Due south b );`
Division		`a / b`	`R K :: operator / ( S b );`	`R operator / ( K a , S b );`
Modulo (integer residue)^[a]		`a % b`	`R K :: operator % ( S b );`	`R operator % ( Thou a , S b );`
Increment	Prefix	`++a`	`R & K :: operator ++ ();`	`R & operator ++ ( K & a );`
	Postfix	`a++`	`R M :: operator ++ ( int );`	`R operator ++ ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a++`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate betwixt prefix and postfix increment operators.
Decrement	Prefix	`--a`	`R & M :: operator -- ();`	`R & operator -- ( K & a );`
	Postfix	`a--`	`R K :: operator -- ( int );`	`R operator -- ( Thou & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a--`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix decrement operators.

Comparison operators/relational operators [edit]

All comparison operators can be overloaded in C++.

Operator proper noun	Syntax	Included in C	Image examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	Included in C	As fellow member of Chiliad	Outside class definitions
Equal to	`a == b`	Yes	`bool G :: operator == ( Due south const & b ) const ;`	bool operator == ( Chiliad const & a , S const & b );
Not equal to	`a != b` `a not_eq b` ^[b]	Aye	`bool K :: operator != ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator != ( G const & a , Southward const & b );
Greater than	`a > b`	Aye	`bool K :: operator > ( Due south const & b ) const ;`	bool operator > ( K const & a , S const & b );
Less than	`a < b`	Aye	`bool G :: operator < ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator < ( K const & a , Southward const & b );
Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`	Yes	`bool K :: operator >= ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator >= ( M const & a , South const & b );
Less than or equal to	`a <= b`	Yep	`bool Chiliad :: operator <= ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator <= ( Thousand const & a , S const & b );
Three-way comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	`automobile K :: operator <=> ( const South & b );`	automobile operator <=> ( const Yard & a , const S & b );
Three-way comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	The operator has a full of iii possible render types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to.

Logical operators [edit]

All logical operators exist in C and C++ and tin can exist overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, because as overloaded operators they acquit as ordinary function calls, which means that both of their operands are evaluated, so they lose their well-used and expected short-circuit evaluation holding.^[1]

Operator name	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Every bit fellow member of K	Exterior course definitions
Logical negation (Non)	`!a` `not a` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator ! ();`	`bool operator ! ( K a );`
Logical AND	`a && b` `a and b` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator && ( S b );`	`bool operator && ( Yard a , S b );`
Logical OR	`a \|\| b` `a or b` ^[b]	`bool M :: operator \|\| ( S b );`	`bool operator \|\| ( K a , S b );`

Bitwise operators [edit]

All bitwise operators exist in C and C++ and tin can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Every bit member of M	Outside grade definitions
Bitwise NOT	`~a` `compl a` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ~ ();`	`R operator ~ ( K a );`
Bitwise AND	`a & b` `a bitand b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator & ( South b );`	`R operator & ( Thousand a , Southward b );`
Bitwise OR	`a \| b` `a bitor b` ^[b]	`R Grand :: operator \| ( South b );`	`R operator \| ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b` `a xor b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ^ ( S b );`	`R operator ^ ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise left shift^[d]	`a << b`	`R G :: operator << ( S b );`	`R operator << ( K a , Due south b );`
Bitwise right shift^[d] ^[e]	`a >> b`	`R K :: operator >> ( S b );`	`R operator >> ( K a , South b );`

Assignment operators [edit]

All assignment expressions exist in C and C++ and can exist overloaded in C++.

For the given operators the semantic of the built-in combined assignment expression a ⊚= b is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b, except that a is evaluated just once.

Operator name	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Equally fellow member of Thousand	Exterior class definitions
Direct assignment	`a = b`	`R & K :: operator = ( S b );`	N/A
Improver assignment	`a += b`	`R & K :: operator += ( S b );`	`R & operator += ( K & a , Southward b );`
Subtraction assignment	`a -= b`	`R & Thou :: operator -= ( S b );`	`R & operator -= ( K & a , South b );`
Multiplication assignment	`a *= b`	`R & 1000 :: operator *= ( S b );`	`R & operator *= ( Yard & a , S b );`
Partitioning assignment	`a /= b`	`R & K :: operator /= ( S b );`	`R & operator /= ( M & a , S b );`
Modulo assignment	`a %= b`	`R & Chiliad :: operator %= ( South b );`	`R & operator %= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise AND consignment	`a &= b` `a and_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator &= ( S b );`	`R & operator &= ( M & a , S b );`
Bitwise OR assignment	`a \|= b` `a or_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator \|= ( S b );`	`R & operator \|= ( G & a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR assignment	`a ^= b` `a xor_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator ^= ( South b );`	`R & operator ^= ( 1000 & a , Due south b );`
Bitwise left shift consignment	`a <<= b`	`R & K :: operator <<= ( S b );`	`R & operator <<= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise correct shift consignment^[eastward]	`a >>= b`	`R & K :: operator >>= ( S b );`	`R & operator >>= ( K & a , Due south b );`

Member and pointer operators [edit]

Operator name	Syntax	Tin overload in C++	Included in C	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Tin overload in C++	Included in C	Equally fellow member of K	Outside course definitions
Subscript	`a[b]`	Aye	Yeah	`R & K :: operator []( S b );`	North/A
Indirection ("object pointed to by a")	`*a`	Yes	Yep	`R & K :: operator * ();`	`R & operator * ( Thousand a );`
Address-of ("address of a")	`&a`	Aye	Yep	`R * One thousand :: operator & ();`	`R * operator & ( K a );`
Construction dereference ("member b of object pointed to by a")	`a->b`	Aye	Yep	`R * K :: operator -> ();` ^[f]	N/A
Structure reference ("member b of object a")	`a.b`	No	Aye	Due north/A
Fellow member selected by arrow-to-fellow member b of object pointed to by a ^[1000]	`a->*b`	Yes	No	`R & M :: operator ->* ( S b );`	`R & operator ->* ( G a , S b );`
Fellow member of object a selected by pointer-to-member b	`a.*b`	No	No	N/A

Other operators [edit]

Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Image examples
Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	As fellow member of Chiliad	Outside course definitions
Role call See Function object.	`a(a1, a2)`	Yes	Yes	`R K::operator ()( Due south a , T b , ...);`	North/A
Comma	`a, b`	Yep	Yeah	`R K :: operator ,( Southward b );`	`R operator ,( K a , South b );`
Ternary conditional	`a ? b : c`	No	Yeah	N/A
Telescopic resolution	`a::b`	No	No	N/A
User-divers literals^[h] since C++11	`"a"_b`	Yes	No	N/A	`R operator "" _b ( T a )`
Sizeof	`sizeof(a)` ^[i] `sizeof(blazon)`	No	Yep	Due north/A
Size of parameter pack since C++11	`sizeof...(Args)`	No	No	Due north/A
Alignof since C++11	`alignof(type)` or `_Alignof(type)` ^[j]	No	Yes	N/A
Type identification	`typeid(a)` `typeid(type)`	No	No	N/A
Conversion (C-style bandage)	`(type)a`	Yeah	Yep	`G :: operator R ();` ^[3]	Northward/A
Conversion	`type(a)`	No	No	Note: behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast^[4]
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	`K :: operator R ();` `explicit K :: operator R ();` since C++11	N/A
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	Note: for user-divers conversions, the return blazon implicitly and necessarily matches the operator name.
dynamic cast conversion	`dynamic_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
const_cast conversion	`const_cast<blazon>(a)`	No	No	N/A
reinterpret_cast conversion	`reinterpret_cast<blazon>(a)`	No	No	N/A
Allocate storage	`new type`	Yes	No	`void * 1000 :: operator new ( size_t x );`	`void * operator new ( size_t x );`
Allocate storage (array)	`new type [due north]`	Yes	No	`void * Yard :: operator new []( size_t a );`	`void * operator new []( size_t a );`
Deallocate storage	`delete a`	Yep	No	`void K :: operator delete ( void * a );`	`void operator delete ( void * a );`
Deallocate storage (array)	`delete[] a`	Aye	No	`void K :: operator delete []( void * a );`	`void operator delete []( void * a );`
Exception bank check since C++eleven	`noexcept(a)`	No	No	N/A

Notes:

^ The modulus operator works but with integer operands, for floating bespeak numbers a library function must be used instead (similar fmod ).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^chiliad Requires iso646.h in C. See C++ operator synonyms
^ About C++20 three-fashion comparison
^ ^a ^b In the context of iostreams, writers often volition refer to << and >> as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively.
^ ^a ^b According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC,^[two] utilize an arithmetic shift (i.eastward., sign extension), only a logical shift is possible.
^ The return blazon of operator -> () must be a type for which the -> operation can be applied, such as a pointer type. If 10 is of type C where C overloads operator -> () , x -> y gets expanded to x . operator -> () -> y .
^ Meyers, Scott (October 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF), Dr. Dobb's Journal, Aristeia .
^ Nigh C++11 User-defined literals
^ The parentheses are non necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a blazon. However, they are usually used regardless.
^ C++ defines alignof operator, whereas C defines _Alignof. Both operators have the same semantics.

Operator precedence [edit]

The post-obit is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed peak to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the grouping of operators and operands. Considering an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be grouped prior to any operator that is listed on a row further below it. Operators that are in the aforementioned cell (at that place may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator'due south precedence is unaffected by overloading.

The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified past a phrase structure grammar.^[five] The table given hither has been inferred from the grammar.^{[ citation needed ]} For the ISO C 1999 standard, section half dozen.5.half dozen note 71 states that the C grammar provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and also states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammer closely follows the specification's section ordering:

"The [C] syntax [i.east., grammer] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same every bit the order of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence outset."^[6]

A precedence table, while mostly adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, note that the ternary operator allows any arbitrary expression as its middle operand, despite being listed as having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted equally a ? (b, c) : d, and not as the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). And so, the expression in the middle of the provisional operator (betwixt ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, notation that the immediate, unparenthesized result of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * x is interpreted as (sizeof(int)) * x and not sizeof ((int) * x).

Precedence	Operator	Description	Associativity
one highest	`::`	Telescopic resolution (C++ just)	None
2	`++`	Postfix increase	Left-to-right
	`--`	Postfix decrement
	`()`	Function call
	`[]`	Array subscripting
	`.`	Element choice by reference
	`->`	Element selection through pointer
	`typeid()`	Run-time type information (C++ merely) (see typeid)
	`const_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see const_cast)
	`dynamic_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (run across dynamic cast)
	`reinterpret_cast`	Type cast (C++ simply) (meet reinterpret_cast)
	`static_cast`	Blazon bandage (C++ only) (run across static_cast)
3	`++`	Prefix increment	Right-to-left
	`--`	Prefix decrement
	`+`	Unary plus
	`-`	Unary minus
	`!`	Logical NOT
	`~`	Bitwise Not (1'southward Complement)
	`(type)`	Blazon bandage
	`*`	Indirection (dereference)
	`&`	Address-of
	`sizeof`	Sizeof
	`_Alignof`	Alignment requirement (since C11)
	`new`, `new[]`	Dynamic retention allocation (C++ only)
	`delete`, `delete[]`	Dynamic retentivity deallocation (C++ only)
4	`.*`	Arrow to member (C++ but)	Left-to-right
4	`->*`	Pointer to member (C++ just)	Left-to-right
5	`*`	Multiplication	Left-to-correct
	`/`	Partitioning
	`%`	Modulo (remainder)
6	`+`	Addition	Left-to-correct
6	`-`	Subtraction	Left-to-correct
7	`<<`	Bitwise left shift	Left-to-correct
7	`>>`	Bitwise right shift	Left-to-correct
8	`<=>`	3-way comparing (Introduced in C++20 - C++ only)	Left-to-correct
9	`<`	Less than	Left-to-correct
	`<=`	Less than or equal to
	`>`	Greater than
	`>=`	Greater than or equal to
10	`==`	Equal to	Left-to-correct
10	`!=`	Not equal to	Left-to-correct
xi	`&`	Bitwise AND	Left-to-right
12	`^`	Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)	Left-to-right
thirteen	`\|`	Bitwise OR (inclusive or)	Left-to-right
fourteen	`&&`	Logical AND	Left-to-right
15	`\|\|`	Logical OR	Left-to-right
sixteen	`?:`	Ternary conditional (see ?:)	Right-to-left
	`=`	Direct assignment
	`+=`	Consignment past sum
	`-=`	Assignment by difference
	`*=`	Assignment past product
	`/=`	Consignment past quotient
	`%=`	Assignment past remainder
	`<<=`	Assignment by bitwise left shift
	`>>=`	Assignment by bitwise right shift
	`&=`	Assignment by bitwise AND
	`^=`	Assignment by bitwise XOR
	`\|=`	Assignment by bitwise OR
	`throw`	Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only)
17 everyman	`,`	Comma	Left-to-right

^[7] ^[8] ^[nine]

Notes [edit]

The precedence tabular array determines the club of binding in chained expressions, when it is not expressly specified by parentheses.

For example, ++x*iii is ambiguous without some precedence dominion(southward). The precedence table tells u.s. that: 10 is 'jump' more tightly to ++ than to *, so that whatever ++ does (at present or subsequently—see below), it does it Just to x (and not to x*iii); it is equivalent to (++x, x*iii).
Similarly, with three*x++, where though the post-fix ++ is designed to act Later the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence tabular array makes it articulate that ONLY 10 gets incremented (and Non 3*x). In fact, the expression (tmp=x++, 3*tmp) is evaluated with tmp being a temporary value. It is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=3*ten, ++ten, tmp).

Abstracting the outcome of precedence or bounden, consider the diagram above for the expression iii+two*y[i]++. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators (call them iii+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to demark to y. The social club of precedence tabular array resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], 2*( . ) acts only on y[i]++ and 3+( . ) acts 'only' on ii*((y[i])++). Information technology is important to notation that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence tabular array simply WHEN each operator acts is non resolved past the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts simply on y[i] by the precedence rules but binding levels solitary exercise non point the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts only after y[i] is evaluated in the expression).

Many of the operators containing multi-character sequences are given "names" congenital from the operator name of each character. For example, += and -= are often called plus equal(s) and minus equal(s), instead of the more verbose "assignment past addition" and "assignment by subtraction". The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the corresponding Standards) by a factored linguistic communication grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For instance, in C, the syntax for a provisional expression is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    conditional            -            expression

while in C++ it is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    consignment            -            expression

Hence, the expression:

is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax fault, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is:

                        unary            -            expression                                    '='                                    assignment            -            expression

In C++, it is parsed equally:

                        eastward                                    =                                    (            a                                    <                                    d                                    ?                                    a            ++                                    :                                    (            a                                    =                                    d            ))

which is a valid expression.^[10] ^[11]

If you want to use comma-as-operator within a unmarried function statement, variable consignment, or other comma-separated listing, yous need to use parentheses,^[12] ^[xiii] e.g.:

                        int                                    a                                    =                                    1            ,                                    b                                    =                                    two            ,                                    weirdVariable                                    =                                    (            ++            a            ,                                    b            ),                                    d                                    =                                    4            ;

Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [edit]

The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.^[14] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetic operators like * and +.

The expression a & b == 7 is syntactically parsed as a & ( b == 7 ) whereas the expression a + b == 7 is parsed as ( a + b ) == 7 . This requires parentheses to exist used more often than they otherwise would.

Historically, there was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators && || didn't exist. Instead & | had different meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} it behaved equally a logical operator, only in c = a & b it behaved as a bitwise i). It was retained then as to keep astern compatibility with existing installations.^[fifteen]

Moreover, in C++ (and after versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-way comparison operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single bit (1 or 0) and every bit such exercise not properly vest in "bitwise" operations.

C++ operator synonyms [edit]

C++ defines^[16] certain keywords to act every bit aliases for a number of operators:

Keyword	Operator
`and`	`&&`
`and_eq`	`&=`
`bitand`	`&`
`bitor`	`\|`
`compl`	`~`
`not`	`!`
`not_eq`	`!=`
`or`	`\|\|`
`or_eq`	`\|=`
`xor`	`^`
`xor_eq`	`^=`

These can be used exactly the aforementioned way as the punctuation symbols they replace, every bit they are not the same operator under a dissimilar proper name, but rather elementary token replacements for the name (grapheme cord) of the corresponding operator. This ways that the expressions (a > 0 and not flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) have identical meanings. Information technology also means that, for example, the bitand keyword may be used to supersede not only the bitwise-and operator just also the address-of operator, and information technology can even be used to specify reference types (e.g., int bitand ref = n). The ISO C specification makes allowance for these keywords every bit preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, the inclusion of which has no upshot.

Encounter also [edit]

Bitwise operations in C
Bit manipulation
Logical operator
Boolean algebra (logic)
Table of logic symbols
Digraphs and trigraphs in C and in C++

References [edit]

^ "Standard C++".
^ "Integers implementation", GCC 4.3.3, GNU .
^ "user-defined conversion". Retrieved v April 2020.
^ Explicit type conversion in C++
^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C. open up-std.org – The C Standards Committee. nineteen December 2011. p. 465.
^ the ISO C 1999 standard, department half dozen.5.six note 71 (Technical report). ISO. 1999.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C++ Built-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "C++ Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved xvi July 2019.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator really accept the same precedence as consignment operators?". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Other operators - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator work". Stack Overflow . Retrieved ane April 2020.
^ C history § Neonatal C, Bell labs .
^ "Re^x: adjacent unless condition". www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(Due east) Programming Language C++. open up-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp. 40–41.

External links [edit]

"Operators", C++ reference (wiki) .
C Operator Precedence
Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Developer network), Microsoft .

proctoryeterfer.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B